COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS ASSOCIATED WITH THYROID DYSFUNCTION

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains one of the leading medical and social problems, with its prevalence projected to exceed 780 million cases by 2045 [ADA, 2025; IDF, 2025; Sun J. et al., 2022]. Despite advances in glycemic control, vascular and neurodegenerative complications remain highly prevalent, indicating a multifactorial pathogenesis extending beyond hyperglycemia [Zheng et al., 2018]. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the interaction of thyroid dysfunction with angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in T2DM [L. H. Duntas, G. Brenta, 2018; B. Biondi et al., 2019]. The absence of an integrated concept of thyroid–metabolic interactions limits opportunities for early risk stratification and the development of personalized therapy, underscoring the high scientific and clinical significance of further research.